Mining as I understand it 3: How people make money

Trading/investing in/speculating on stocks

In my opinion, much of the return on commodities stocks will come from ‘speculating’ on commodity prices.  The underlying companies are usually leveraged to the price of commodities.  A 2X increase in the price of a commodity will usually lead to more than a 2X increase in operating profits of a mine.  If the costs of a mine are 50% of the current commodity price, then a doubling in prices will increase mine profits three times.

A small part of the return will come from buying the dips and selling the rallies.  (Because let’s face it- this is how most value investors make money.  They aren’t always good at picking stocks.)

And a small part of the return will come from stock picking.  But very few people are actually good at it.  You know, there are hedge fund managers out there who don’t bother reading 10-Ks.  And many of them invest in mining stocks without bothering to read some university textbooks on mine exploration and mine engineering.  Some people think that it’s a good idea to go long ATPG, without understanding how PUDs can be manipulated.

Royalties

There are two reasons why royalties can be very, very profitable.  (But only by people who really, really know what they’re doing.)

Firstly, they are a way to rip off companies which are badly in need of financing.  Companies in distress.  Or junior mining companies where the CEOs do things that don’t make a lot of sense for its investors.  And royalties offer the chance for due diligence, so it’s not as risky as investing in a stock where it’s really difficult to do due diligence.  NI 43-101 is not perfect as geologists can do subtle things as using a favorable interpolation method (this can make a 20% difference).

And when dealing with junior miners, royalties offer added protection from the CEO doing awful things to its shareholders.  The royalty holder is not affected by share dilution, overpaid CEOs, CEOs wasting money on promotion, excess overhead (e.g. liability insurance for insiders), takeunders, etc.

Secondly, they are leveraged to big increases in commodity prices.  If a commodity price skyrockets, then naturally the mining company will want to do more exploration on its property and to expand production.  The royalty holder benefits from all this without having to put up any capital.  (Though not all royalties have this feature.)  This is kind of like an out-of-the-money call option and sometimes people seriously underestimate its value.

On the other hand, sometimes there are downsides to mineral royalties.  The mining company may try to underpay its royalties.  (This happened to Terra Nova, which went to court.)

If a royalty is too large, it discourages mine expansion whereas a smaller one would not.

Examples of successful royalty strategies

Pierre Lassonde + Seymour Schulich / Franco-Nevada

Altius Minerals (ALS.TO)

Labrador Iron Ore Royalty Corporation (LIF.UN) – They don’t even do anything fancy.  Most of the asset value is in their royalty, plus an equity stake in the mine covered by the royalty.  On the other hand, this company was rather lucky as iron ore prices have skyrocketed.

Kevin McArthur / “Tip of the iceberg”

Kevin McArthur is the ex-CEO of Goldcorp and now runs Tahoe.  He is interviewed by The Globe and Mail here.  He seems to attribute his success to finding tip-of-iceberg opportunities.  As I understand it, this means buying properties that have a lot of exploration potential.  This probably comes in the form of extensions to the existing deposit.

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Mining as I understand it

How the resource exploitation process works

Exploration

First you have to find an economic ore deposit.  Exploration geologists look at all the previous mines and look at any patterns that exist (e.g. a lot of deposits are found near existing mines).  They also utilize scientific knowledge about how ore deposits form (e.g. diamonds can only form under high heat and high pressure; they only end up near the surface if stuff from deep down is ejected upwards, e.g. in kimberlites).

In addition to drilling, geologists may look for things associated with ore deposits.  They may go looking for anomalies in gravity, induced polarization, etc.  While ore deposits can cause such anomalies, all sorts of other rock configurations can also cause anomalies.  So the geologists will drill a lot of holes and find a lot of duds.  They most basic method is old school prospecting.  You walk around the surface looking for rocks.  Certain types of rocks are likely to host valuable minerals.  Some rocks obviously contain ore just by looking at it if you are familiar with the different types of rocks.  Nowadays geologists will sample surface rock and get the samples assayed for minerals that aren’t visible to the eye (e.g. economic amounts of gold).  They may also look for “indicator” materials- stuff that correlates to certain types of ore deposits.  And they may look for boulder trains that may lead to a deposit elsewhere.

Most of the really obvious ore has been found.  Finding future deposits will only get harder and harder.  On the other hand, technology may introduce new technologies that make low-grade deposits economic.  We may also discover new technologies to help in exploration.

One thing to note about mineral exploration is that the chance of finding an economic deposit is very, very low.  Many geologists will never find a deposit in their entire professional careers.

Pre-feasibility and feasibility studies

In this stage, a mine engineer will evaluate the various technical parameters that determine whether or not a deposit is economic.  The more important ones are:

1. Size of the deposit.
2. Mining method.  Underground mining typically costs three times that of open-pit.  However, various underground mining methods differ in their cost (the cheaper ones sometimes cannot be used).
3. Mining dilution.  If the ore deposit is very narrow (only a few meters), mining machines will have to move a lot of waste rock.
4. Ore processing / metallurgy.  For some ores, the metals cannot be easily (cost-effectively) recovered.  Some ores have impurities that cost money to remove (e.g. arsenic, sulphur, etc.).
5. Infrastructure.  Mines need roads, access to ports (sometimes), power, water, etc.
6. Royalties, taxes, etc.  Sometimes prospectors and former joint venture partners will have royalties on the property and these need to be factored in.

Other parameters (that are mostly the investor’s job) are:

1. Political risk.  Some mines may have difficulty due to NIMBY groups.  For example, in Australia a lead mine was shutdown after it started production due to residents’ pressure on their politicians.
   Some foreign countries are run by corrupt regimes that demand high payments from mining companies.  They may escalate these requests in the future (a deal is not a deal).  Leaders (sometimes socialist, sometimes not) may appropriate foreign assets.  Even in the US and Canada (considered to be the lowest-risk countries), foreign takeovers are often blocked while domestic ones are ok.  It doesn’t even make sense because a country can appropriate the assets of foreign countries; it is a good idea for them to follow the host countries’ rules and regulations (though some do not).
2. Future commodity prices and exchange rates.

More exploration drilling usually occurs during this stage.  If even more ore is discovered (this is a good thing), the mining plan may be changed.  Mine construction may be intentionally delayed to avoid building a mine and processing facilities that is not ideal for the deposit.

Financing

The feasibility study may determine that the ideal level of investment is higher than what the mining company can afford.  So the mining company can sell the asset to another company with more money.  Or they can raise money through selling equity, rights offerings, selling royalties on the property, raising debt, etc.

Sometimes there are government-related/government-sponsored entities that will make dumb loans to mining companies (e.g. they don’t charge enough interest relative to the risk).  Their mandate may be to help economies develop.  In practice, government workers who do their job poorly tend to get to keep their jobs.

Mine construction

Hopefully there are no cost overruns.  A companies’ management may have incentives to understate the cost of mine construction to make the economics appear more attractive.

Mine production

It usually takes 5-10 years (sometimes more!) for a mine to actually start operating.  Mining companies are usually very overoptimistic about when a mine will actually start operating.

By this time, commodity prices may be very different and this will affect the economics of a mine.

As the end if a mine’s life comes closer, there is an incentive to find more ore near the processing plant since all the infrastructure is in place and paid for.

Exploration drilling may occur when a mine is operating.  Some exploration drilling may be deferred until an underground shaft is built.  Drilling very deep is expensive and drills will slowly start going off target the further the drilling gets.  Starting underground lowers the exploration cost.

All these things mean that the plan for a mine will likely change several times over the course of its life.